Bassam Tibi is a political scientist and a cultural philosopher. He studied sociology, philosophy and history in Frankfurt. From 1973 until his retirement in 2009, he was Professor of International Relations in Göttingen and visiting professor at universities such as Harvard, Princeton, Yale and Berkeley. Tibi is a co-founder of the Arab Organization for Human Rights. Among his best-known works are Europa ohne Identität? (1998), Islamische Zuwanderung. Die gescheiterte Integration (2002) and Der neue Totalitarismus. Heiliger Krieg und westliche Sicherheit (2004). In 2012, Islamism and Islam came out.